Facilitation among plants as an insurance policy for diversity in Alpine communities

Summary Positive interactions have started to gain a place as important drivers of community structure and biological diversity. Defined as non-trophic interspecific interactions that increase the average individual fitness of one species, by definition, the presence of one plant species enhances the chances that another species co-occur in the same place, indicating that positive interactions may determine biological diversity. However, this has been poorly explored. The majority of the studies addressing community-level consequences of facilitation have compared the diversity of the plant assemblages growing within nurses vs. those growing outside them, reporting contrasting results among them. Nonetheless, nurses and their alternative microhabitats (open areas among nurses) are part of the same community. Thus, if nurses allow for the persistence of species that otherwise would be excluded from the community, a net increase in the species diversity at the entire community level will be generated even though nurse plants contained fewer species than open areas. Here, we conducted a bibliographic search using the ISI Web of Knowledge data base and reviewed the literature conducted on alpine plant communities where assessments of the diversity of plants growing within and outside a nurse species were available. In most cases nurse species substantially increased species richness at the community level, despite the fact that in some cases, they contained lower species numbers than open areas. Nurse species enhanced species richness more in systems with impoverished local diversity, suggesting that facilitative interactions in alpine habitats act as an insurance policy that sustains diversity under very harsh conditions.