Virtual Surgical Planning

Abstract The advent of computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and virtual surgical planning (VSP) has resulted in a transformation in our approach to primary and secondary reconstruction of craniofacial trauma. Ever more complex defects are able to be securely addressed with innovative preoperatively planned solutions. The ability to visualize both the problem and operative solution in a virtual forum and plan each step prior to entering the operating room means that potential challenges can be addressed in advance and the operative approach refined accordingly. Moreover, the creation of anatomically personalized implants using 3D printing techniques in combination with VSP means that a more exact and predictable outcome can be achieved. These tools intuitively lend themselves to the most complex of trauma cases. The field is constantly evolving, with exciting novel applications on the horizon. These include coupling of bioactive substances such as growth factors and cells with custom implants. Thus, we expect VSP to become increasingly useful in combination with these innovations in achieving a more natural result in reconstructive surgery.