Disseminating Justified, Well-Designed, and Well-Executed Studies Despite Nonsignificant Tests

1.22; 95% CI, 1.15-1.30), and changes in appetite (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.09-1.27) (Figure). The independent association with anhedonia was close to statistical significance (P = .06). When Creactive protein was categorized into quartiles, independent dose-response patterns were observed for sleeping problems (ORs of 1.29, 1.33, and 1.51 for the second, third, and fourth Creactive protein quartiles, respectively, compared with the first; P < .001), tiredness or lack of energy (ORs of 1.02, 1.32, and 1.68 for the second, third, and fourth quartiles, respectively; P < .001), and changes in appetite (ORs of 1.18, 1.23, and 1.65 for the second, third, and fourth quartiles, respectively; P < .001). Discussion | Inflammation was associated with a range of depression symptoms, particularly with tiredness, lack of energy, sleep problems, and changes in appetite. These symptoms characterize sickness behaviors that are observed in people who are physically ill. 4 Inflammation was also associated with the cognitive and emotional symptoms of depression (eg, anhedonia, depressed mood, feelings of self-worth, concentration, and suicidal ideation); however, these associations were not independent of the other depression symptoms. This pattern of results is consistent with the evolutionary view linking inflammation and depression with pathogen host defense 2 because tiredness, lack of energy, and reduced appetite are primary characteristics of sickness behavior. Further research is needed to determine whether changes in inflammation predict changes in specific symptoms and to identify metabolic pathways that mediate such changes.