Multi-layered Security Approaches for a Modular Open Network Architecture-based Satellite

A growing trend in satellite development includes shortening the development lifecycle for hardware and software, cost reduction, and promoting reuse for future missions. Department of Defense (DoD) acquisition policies mandate system providers use Open Systems Architecture (OSA) where feasible. Modular Open Network Architecture (MONA) is a subset of OSA and paves the way to achieve cost reduction and reuse during a reduced development lifecycle. MONA approaches provide opportunities to enhance data security handling, including multi-layered security approaches, data monitoring, and logging. Traditional satellite architectures use non-networked point-to-point communication and rely on radio communication security (COMSEC) for protection. This single layer of defense is an effective gatekeeper, providing perimeter security for any data transferred between the satellite and ground, especially if adapted to network data transfer protocols which integrate with spacecraft data architecture. However, a satellite designed using MONA can provide more tools for enhancing data security. This paper explores the benefits of using a MONA approach for spacecraft, difficulties in implementing and securing such an architecture, and discusses possibilities for addressing security concerns in a MONA satellite through a multilayer security framework. Ultimately, MONA provides a feasible path forward for realizing a modern security approach in satellite operations.