Soliton evolution and associated sonic horizon formation dynamics in two-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate with quintic-order nonlinearity.

This study explored the two-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate with an inter-particle nonlinear interaction up to quintic order. Based on the two-dimensional Gross–Pitaevskii equation model with quintic-order nonlinearity, we first derived the bright soliton solution for the system based on the self-similar approach and the modified variational method. We identified that the kinematic quantities derived from the two methods agreed very well. The two-dimensional sonic horizon formation dynamics was then calculated based on the bright soliton solution that was obtained. The periodic formation and evolution patterns of the two-dimensional sonic horizon were quantitatively analyzed and pictorially illustrated. The results can be used to guide sonic black hole related phenomenon observations in a two-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate with quintic-order nonlinearity.