Trace surface-clean palladium nanosheets as a conductivity enhancer in hole-transporting layers to improve the overall performances of perovskite solar cells

Surface-clean Pd nanosheets were synthesized and embedded in a hole transport material (HTM) matrix to improve the conductivity of the HTM layer. Applying only a trace amount of Pd nanosheets readily led to a remarkably enhanced performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This finding provides an effective strategy to build efficient charge-transport materials for improving the overall performance of PSCs.