Mantle cooling and cratonization of Archean lithosphere by continuous plate subduction: Constraints from TTGs, sanukitoids, and high-K granites, eastern North China Craton

Abstract The evolution of plate subduction styles on the Earth is coupled with its cooling history. Continuous subduction was initiated during the Neoarchean, yet its influence on mantle cooling and the cratonization of Archean lithosphere remains unclear. Successive subduction-related magmatism occurred during the late Neoarchean evolution of the Western Shandong Province granite-greenstone belt (WSP) of the North China Craton (NCC) and preserved crucial clues relating to processes and roles of regional continuous subduction. In this study, petrology, whole rock geochemistry, and zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopes are reported for late Neoarchean TTG gneisses, quartz monzodiorites, and monzogranites from the WSP. Zircon U–Pb dating reveals that the TTG gneisses, quartz monzodiorites, and monzogranites were formed at ~2561–2517 Ma, 2540–2533 Ma, and 2541–2513 Ma, respectively. The TTG gneisses with high (La/Yb)N ratios, low K2O/Na2O ratios, and low MgO contents were mainly derived from partial melting of oceanic slab material. In contrast, the quartz monzodiorites show high K2O and MgO content and high (La/Yb)N ratios, consistent with the characteristics of Archean sanukitoids, suggesting that they were the products of partial melting of mantle source metasomatized by slab-derived melts. The monzogranites with systematically high K2O, SiO2, and low MgO contents were formed by crustal reworking of regional TTGs and sedimentary rocks. Rock assemblages, geochemical features, regional field observation, and structure geology indicate prolonged (~2.56–2.49 Ga) continuous magmatism in the WSP across three northwest-trending belts (Belts A, B, and C) related to continuous subduction and slab rollback. These processes led to a tectonic transition from early compression to late extension. The final stabilization of the continental crust in the late Neoarchean in the eastern NCC was a consequence of successive mantle cooling due to regional continuous subduction recorded by subduction-related rock assemblages (i.e., adakites, sanukitoids, high-Mg basalts-andesites, and Nb-enriched basalts), the paired type of metamorphism, and the rise of alkali basalts. Secular geochemical changes of alkaline basalts outline the role of continuous subduction in dramatic mantle cooling and the final stabilization and cratonization of the eastern NCC.