Biotin synthase: insights into radical-mediated carbon-sulfur bond formation.

Abstract The enzyme cofactor and essential vitamin biotin is biosynthesized in bacteria, fungi, and plants through a pathway that culminates with the addition of a sulfur atom to generate the five-membered thiophane ring. The immediate precursor, dethiobiotin, has methylene and methyl groups at the C6 and C9 positions, respectively, and formation of a thioether bridging these carbon atoms requires cleavage of unactivated C H bonds. Biotin synthase is an S -adenosyl- l -methionine (SAM or AdoMet) radical enzyme that catalyzes reduction of the AdoMet sulfonium to produce 5′-deoxyadenosyl radicals, high-energy carbon radicals that can directly abstract hydrogen atoms from dethiobiotin. The available experimental and structural data suggest that a [2Fe–2S] 2 + cluster bound deep within biotin synthase provides a sulfur atom that is added to dethiobiotin in a stepwise reaction, first at the C9 position to generate 9-mercaptodethiobiotin, and then at the C6 position to close the thiophane ring. The formation of sulfur-containing biomolecules through a radical reaction involving an iron–sulfur cluster is an unprecedented reaction in biochemistry; however, recent enzyme discoveries suggest that radical sulfur insertion reactions may be a distinct subgroup within the burgeoning Radical SAM superfamily. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Radical SAM enzymes and Radical Enzymology.