Developing a conceptual model and power capacity estimates for a low-temperature geothermal prospect with two chemically and thermally distinct reservoir compartments, Hawthorne, Nevada, USA

Abstract The Hawthorne area in the Basin and Range province in Nevada in the western USA has been the focus of geothermal investigations for over 40 years, with initial discovery of blind resources via anomalously-warm water wells. Subsequent studies and drilling of temperature gradient holes and geothermal wells identified three separate blind geothermal prospects in the Hawthorne part of the Walker Lake basin. In this study, we conducted a detailed review of all existing geoscience data acquired at the site to date to develop a quantitative estimate of geothermal resource potential for one of the Hawthorne geothermal prospects (prospect A — along the southwest side of the basin). This included review of substantial well data from water wells and geothermal exploration wells (downhole temperature logs, lithology, water chemistry, borehole televiewer, and alteration mineralogy), detailed geological and structural mapping information, geophysical data (gravity, magnetic, and seismic reflection), 2-meter temperature data, and an existing 3D geological model of the basin. We find that the thermal anomalies associated with prospect A reflect the influence of two geothermal fluids in close proximity that are chemically-distinct, with different temperatures and spatial extent (lateral and vertical). One fluid represents a deeper resource, hosted in altered, fractured Mesozoic granitic basement along a segment of the Wassuk Range-front fault system, and characterized by equilibrated, alkali-chloride fluids, with ∼4000 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS) and a maximum measured temperature of ∼115 °C at ∼1500 m depth. A second fluid is hosted in Neogene basinal sediments at