Genetic analysis of lithium-associated parathyroid tumors.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the primary genetic events that may underlie the formation of parathyroid tumors in patients with lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Methods: Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 gene (MEN1 ) mutation analysis were used to analyze twelve parathyroid tumors from nine patients with lithium-associated HPT. For comparison, CGH was also carried out in a non-lithium-associated group of thirteen sporadic parathyroid tumors. Results: A higher prevalence of multiglandular disease in the lithium-associated HPT patients compared with the idiopathic sporadic patients was observed (Fisher’s exact test, Pa 0:02). CGH alterations were detected in four lithium-associated parathyroid tumors, involving loss at 1p, 11, 15q, 22q and gain of the X chromosome. In addition, one of these four cases exhibited LOH at 11q13 and was found to contain a novel somatic MEN1 mutation (c.1193insTAC). Although fewer lithium-associated parathyroid tumors were shown to contain genetic alterations compared with the sporadic parathyroid tumors, the changes detected were those frequently associated with both familial and sporadic parathyroid tumorigenesis. Conclusion: This is, to our knowledge, the first genetic analysis of parathyroid tumors in lithiumassociated HPT patients. Our data indicated that the majority of lithium-associated parathyroid tumors do not contain gross chromosomal alterations and suggest that in most cases the tumorigenic pathway is independent of MEN1 and genes at 1p34.3-pter and 1q21-q32. It is possible that other discrete genetic alterations or epigenetic changes, not screened for in this study, could also be responsible for parathyroid tumorigenesis in lithium-associated HPT.