Urinary Metabolites of Type 2 Diabetes Rats Fed With Palm Oil Enriched-High Fat Diet

High fat diet (HFD) is one of the risk factors to obesity and diabetes. Recommended diet regimen for diabetes is difficult to abide especially for HFD as it adds flavour to the taste buds. In this study, palm oil-enriched HFD and control diet (ND) were fed to nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes rats, respectively for six weeks. Additionally, metformin, a common drug used to treat diabetes was given to rats under treatment groups. We evaluated the change of urinary metabolites of diabetes rats caused by HFD, and also after metformin treatment. Rats were divided into six-groups with different feeding diets, disease condition and with or without metformin treatment. Rats’ urine were collected at the end of six weeks feeding program and subjected to 1H-NMR and multivariate data analysis to evaluate their metabolite profiles. At the early phase of diabetes, metabolites changes in diabetic rats were associated with the disease itself. Our data showed that continuous consumption of HFD altered various metabolic pathways of diabetic rats and caused detrimental effects to the rats. Metformin treatment combined with ND lessened the physiological impacts caused by diabetes condition. Funding Information: This research project was supported by USM RUI topdown grant (1001/PFARMASI/870034) funded by Universiti Sains Malaysia. Declaration of Interests: None to declare. Ethics Approval Statement: All experiment procedures were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM/Animal Ethics Approval/2016/(717)).