Lost in space and time? A conceptual approach to harmonise data for marine spatial planning.

Despite a list of national and international efforts to harmonise data management procedures, the categorisation of space and time within datasets in marine spatial planning (MSP) has not been addressed so far. This paper proposes a conceptual approach to categorise the spatial and temporal dimensions of data used in MSP and introduces a method to jointly manage non-spatial information and spatial data in the same geographic information system (GIS). The presented categorisation provides easy and intuitive classifications for a more detailed and transparent data description of spatial and temporal data properties, which can be applied both in attribute tables and in metadata. It allows the differentiation of the vertical and the horizontal dimensions, enabling users to focus on operations taking place at specific parts of the marine environment. The categorisation with predefined attribute domains allows space and time based automatic analyses. The inclusion of non-spatial data within GIS repositories ensures the availability of all relevant data in one database minimising the risk of incomplete data. Overall, the concept provides effective steps towards a more coherent data management and subsequently may foster better use of information in MSP processes.