Twenty years experience with constructed wetland systems in Denmark : what did we learn?

Full scale constructed wetland systems for wastewater treatment have been in operation in Denmark since 1983, mainly for the treatment of domestic sewage from small villages. The systems are constructed as soil-based horizontal subsurface flow systems but, because of low soil hydraulic conductivity, surface runoff is evident in most of the systems. Two decades of experience show that soil-based systems are generally efficient in removing suspended solids and BOD, but the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus is lower (typically 30–50%) and the systems do not nitrify ammonium. Contrary to earlier claims, the reeds do not increase the hydraulic conductivity of cohesive soils as much as necessary to secure sub-surface flow. Operation needs of soil-based reed beds are low and normally restricted to emptying of the sedimentation tank, cleaning of the distribution system and mowing of the grass around the system. The dead plant material and accumulated litter on the surface of the systems improve performance after the initial years. A significant number of systems have been shut down or extended with other technologies in order to meet new effluent standards, particularly demands for nitrification. New constructed wetland systems are either compact vertical flow systems which provide good nitrification, willow systems with no discharge or restored wetland systems for nitrate removal. If efficient removal of phosphorus is required, this is achieved by chemical precipitation in the sedimentation tank.