Diagnostic clues for the diagnosis of nonsarcomeric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (Phenocopies): Amyloidosis, fabry disease, and mitochondrial disease

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common known inherited heart disorder, with a prevalence of 1:500 of the adult population. Etiology of HCM can be heterogeneous, with sarcomeric gene disease as the leading cause in up to 60% of the patients, and with a number of possible different diseases (phenocopies) in about 10%–15% of the patients. Early diagnosis of storage and infiltrative disorders, particularly those with specific treatments (i.e., Fabry disease and/or amyloidosis), means early management and treatment, with a significant impact on patients prognosis. Here, we report on four different cases of HCM, highlighting difficulties to make differential diagnosis of different forms of cardiomyopathies, and their potential impact on the management.