Key Issues and Challenges on the Liquefied Natural Gas Value Chain: A Review from the Process Systems Engineering Point of View

This paper reviews recent contributions on the liquefied natural gas (LNG) value chain in the field of process systems engineering (PSE). While previous review articles deal with specific topics for each issue on the LNG value chain, this paper deals with the key issues and challenges on the LNG value chain from the process systems engineering point of view. The major challenges for the LNG value chain are (a) multiscale and integrated modeling between the liquefaction process and the utility systems, (b) process and size selection for the natural gas liquefaction, (c) utilization of LNG fuel, (d) using generated boil-off gas as the raw material for other industries, and (e) commercializing LNG cold recovery to industrial sites. Identifying key issues and presenting challenges on the LNG value chain will contribute to the advancement of the PSE field and the LNG industry.