ROS-activated Ca/calmodulin kinase IIδ is required for late INa augmentation leading to cellular Na and Ca overload

Rationale In heart failure (HF), CaMKII expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased. Both ROS and CaMKII can increase late INa leading to intracellular Na accumulation and arrhythmias. It has been shown that ROS can activate CaMKII via oxidation.