Exploring the Relationships of Factor Measures in Blended Learning Environments

Based on Bigg’s 3Ps (Presage, Process and Product) model, this study investigated the relationships of factors in the context of blended instructions that integrated online components with face-to-face instructions. The presage factors include student preferences, course design, instructor presence, student presence and cognitive presence; the process factor measures student approaches to learning; the product factors include student outcomes and course grade. There were 109 undergraduates who attended blended learning courses in a university in Singapore who responded to the online questionnaire at the end of a semester. Structural equation modelling pertinent to learner preferences (i.e. active versus passive); course design; instructor, student, and cognitive presence; and student outcomes showed a marginal fit to the data, indicating that the presage-process-product format could likely act in concert. Contextual differences and the instructor’s presence may also influence student approaches to studying. Implications and limitations of this study are discussed.