Environmental factors associated with Dictyocaulus viviparus and Fasciola hepatica prevalence in dairy herds from Costa Rica

Abstract Dictyocaulosis and fasciolosis are parasitic diseases that cause considerable economic losses for owners of farm animals worldwide, with special relevance on fasciolosis because it is an emerging zoonosis. Indirect diagnosis of these diseases through analyses of bulk milk tank samples has allowed carrying out large-scale prevalence studies, while the use of geographical information systems has helped to visualize and determine those variables that affect distribution of these pathogens. This study is intended to describe the spatial distribution of Dictyocaulus viviparus and Fasciola hepatica in dairy herds from Costa Rica, as well as their associated environmental factors. Bulk milk tank samples from 526 dairy herds in the three most important dairy regions of Costa Rica were analyzed using enzyme immunoassays. Results from the farms were subjected to spatial analyses using Holdridge's life zones, relief and soil type environmental layers. Of the total bulk milk tank samples analyzed, 3.8% ( n  = 20) and 3.6% ( n  = 19) were positive for D . viviparus and F . hepatica , respectively. Moran's I analysis revealed the existence of potential cluster (Moran's I  = 1.789, z = 12.726 p D . viviparus . Consequently, Getis-Ord General G analysis showed that the spatial distribution of positive farms in the dataset was clustered (Observed General G = 0.015, variance = 0.000001, z = 12.823, p I  = 0.038, z = 0.286, p  > 0.0.5) was observed for F . hepatica . Furthermore, a significant difference was detected in the spatial locations of both parasites (latitude p p D . viviparus negative and positive farms (latitude p p F . hepatica negative and positive farms regarding on latitude ( p p  > 0.05). In the case of environmental factors, significant differences were found for D . viviparus and F . hepatica with respect to types of soil, precipitation, altitudinal belts, life zones, biotemperature, and elevation.