Counts of unique females with cubs in the Apennine brown bear population, 2006–2014

Abstract Brown bears (Ursus arctos marsicanus) in the Apennines, central Italy, survive in a precarious conservation status but the reproductive performance of the population has never been formally assessed. Each year, from 2006 to 2014, we conducted surveys of females with cubs (FWC) to estimate the minimum number of female bears that reproduced and annual productivity in this bear population. We discriminated unique family groups based on simultaneity of sightings, presence of individually recognizable bears, and ad hoc distance-based rules developed using Global Positioning System relocations from 11 adult female bears in our study population. To estimate the true number of FWC from unique counts, we applied 2 estimators (Chao2, Capwire) known to handle heterogeneity in sighting probabilities relatively well at small sample sizes. Annually, we estimated 1–6 ( = 3.9 ± 1.5 SD) unique FWC and tallied a minimum of 3–11 ( = 7.4 ± 3.0 SD) cubs in the population. No temporal trend in FWC was observed and the...