Do systemic collaboration and network governance matter? Living Labs beyond user-driven innovation

Although the emergence and fast expansion of Living Labs (LLs) around the world, little research has been conducted on the concept of LL from the perspective of both technological and social innovation and network governance. This paper aims at presenting a critical literature review on the definitions of LL and other innovation labs experiments involving cross-border collaboration between private, public, and third sectors. We developed and applied an analytical framework with several dimensions (context and aims, innovation types, stakeholders, partnership models, supporting, institutional environments and network governance models). We present and discuss the results obtained with a sample of 120 LLs study cases in different countries.