The effect of acute ingestion of a protein beverage consumed late in the evening on metabolism, appetite, mood state, and blood lipid in overweight and obese adults

Background Common perception for nocturnal eating has deemed food off-limits during this time due to the potential health implications associated with increased food intake and lack of physical activity during sleep. However, given that macronutrients elicit different effects on metabolism, appetite and cardiometabolic health, it is possible that protein may be optimal for consumption in the evening before sleep. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the acute impact of protein ingestion consumed in the late evening before sleep on fat metabolism, appetite, mood state, and blood lipids in overweight and obese adults.