Safety assessment of propylparaben in juvenile rats

Abstract There are conflicting literature reports that parabens, useful antimicrobial additives in pharmaceuticals, may have estrogenic activity. We conducted a comprehensive study to determine whether propylparaben (PP) administration to juvenile rats is associated with adverse effects on reproductive development and function. PP was administered orally once daily to groups of Crl:CD(SD) rats at doses of 0 (vehicle), 10, 100, or 1,000 mg/kg on Postnatal Days (PNDs) 4–90. In-life observations, clinical pathology, reproductive organ weights and histopathology, landmarks of sexual maturation, estrous cyclicity and functional reproductive competence were assessed. A conventional uterotrophic assay was conducted separately using the same doses. Systemic exposures to PP and 3 metabolites were evaluated on PND 7, 21 and 83. These studies demonstrated that PP was well tolerated when administered from PND 4–90 at all doses (AUC[0-T] on PND 83 = 69.9 ng•h/mL). Para-hydroxybenzoic acid, a non-estrogenic compound, was the predominant metabolite contributing to 95% of the total exposure at 1,000 mg/kg/day on PND 7. There was no evidence of estrogenic activity at any dose, and no effects on reproductive organs or function. The No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) was 1,000 mg/kg/day.