Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) exposure generates persistent reactive oxygen species (ROS) to inhibit the NF-κB pathway in medaka (Oryzias melastigma)

Abstract Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a common environmental pollutant, can modulate the immune-associated signal pathway NF-κB, which is one of the critical signal pathways involved in various immune responses. BaP exposure usually generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), but whether ROS are predominantly involved in the modulation mechanism of the NF-κB pathway has not been clearly understood. In this study, an in vivo examination of Oryzias melastigma demonstrated that BaP exposure led to a down-regulation of the NF-κB pathway and increased levels of ROS. Conversely, in vitro results using the medaka liver cell line DIT-29 and a widely applied H 2 O 2 method showed the opposite: up-regulation of the NF-κB pathway. However, the down-regulation of NF-κB upon BaP exposure in vitro was inhibited by the addition of a ROS inhibitor, indicating ROS are involved in the modulation of NF-κB. The discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro results of ROS impacts on NF-κB activation might be related to the concentration and persistence of ROS. Using a modified luminol detection system, BaP was found to generate sustained physiological concentrations of ROS for 24 h, while an H 2 O 2 bolus generated ROS for less than 30 min. Furthermore, a steady-state sub-micromolar H 2 O 2 system (H 2 O 2 ss) was developed in parallel as a positive control of ROS, by which H 2 O 2 could be maintained for 24 h. Comparative evaluation using H 2 O 2 , H 2 O 2 ss and BaP exposures on the medaka cell line with pGL4.32 demonstrated that the persistent physiological concentrations of ROS generated upon BaP exposure or treatment with H 2 O 2 ss inhibited the NF-κB pathway, but direct H 2 O 2 exposure had the opposite effect. Moreover, a western-blot assay and EMSA detection further confirmed the modulation of the NF-κB pathway in DIT-29. Taken together, this study shows that BaP exposure inhibits the NF-κB pathway by generating sustained physiological concentrations of ROS.