Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO)

Abstract Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is an inflammatory bone disorder that most frequently affects children and adolescents. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is a severe form of CNO, usually characterized by symmetrical inflammatory bone lesions and its waxing and waning character. Sometimes severe and chronic pain can significantly affect the quality of life and psychosocial development of individuals affected. In the absence of prospectively tested and widely accepted diagnostic criteria or disease biomarkers, CNO remains a diagnosis of exclusion, and infections, malignancy and other differentials require consideration ( 1 ). The pathophysiology of CNO is not fully understood, but imbalanced cytokine expression and increased inflammasome activation in monocytes from CNO patients contribute to a pro-inflammatory phenotype that contributes to bone inflammation ( 2 ). Currently, no medications are licensed for the use in CNO. Most patients show at least some response to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, others require more aggressive treatment that can include corticosteroids, cytokine-blocking agents and/or bisphosphonates ( 3 ). While under the care of an experienced team and sufficient treatment, the prognosis is good, but some patients will develop sequalae which can include vertebral compression fractures ( 1 ).