Adverse Reactions and Their Pathophysiology and Management

The ideal radiological contrast medium (RCM) should produce no adverse reaction (AR) and the patient should be unaware that he has received an injection, either intravenous or intraarterial. No RCM yet developed has achieved this ideal performance but with the low osmolar contrast media (LOCM) major gains have been made in this respect for both intravenous and intraarterial injection.