Posttranslational Modifications of Steroid Receptors: Phosphorylation.

The detection of phosphorylation status of proteins has become a critical component of the analysis of activity, localization, and turnover studies of most proteins, particularly for those involved in signaling. The androgen receptor is no exception to this rule with its localization, transcriptional activity, and interactions determined by a series of key phosphorylations on serine residues. Here we have presented a series of techniques for the investigation of the phosphorylation status and intracellular localization of the androgen receptor after hormone and growth factor stimulation of cells in culture (in vitro) and in prostate cancer tissue (in vivo). Modified methods for immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence detection with high efficacy for the measurement and monitoring of androgen receptor are presented here alongside examples of their use.