Measurement issues relevant to questionnaire data

Questionnaires have been a staple of bullying research since the field first began in earnest in the 1970s with the seminal work of Scandinavian researcher Dan Olweus (1978). His work outlined the definition of bullying which has largely stood the test of time: it is considered a form of aggression that includes intended harm, repetition, and an imbalance of power between aggressor(s) and victim (Olweus, 1993, 2013). At the same time, the exact way in which bullying is defined is a live debate (e.g., Canty, Stubbe, Steers, & Collings, 2016; Carrera, DePalma, & Lameiras, 2011; Volk, Veenstra, & Espelage, 2017) with attendant implications for measurement and assessment