A tale of two sets of norms: Comparing opportunities for student agency in mathematics lessons with and without interactive simulations

Abstract Previous research has documented the importance of setting up productive norms in mathematics classrooms. Studies have also shown the potential for activities involving interactive simulations (sims) to support student engagement and learning. In this study, we investigated the relationship between norms and sim-based activities. In particular, we examined the social and sociomathematical norms in lessons taught with and without the use of PhET sims in the same teacher’s middle-school mathematics classroom. There were statistically significant differences in indicators of social norms between the two types of lessons. In sim lessons, the teacher more frequently took the role of a facilitator of mathematical ideas, and students exhibited conceptual agency more often than they did in non-sim lessons. On the other hand, there was substantial overlap: the teacher usually acted as an evaluator, and the students usually exhibited disciplinary agency in both types of lessons. However, there was a stark contrast in sociomathematical norms between the two types of lessons. Students’ specifically mathematical obligations in non-sim lessons consistently included practicing procedures in isolation and appealing to rules. Obligations in sim lessons included developing and sharing strategies, making conjectures and providing justifications. In both types of lessons, students were obligated to recall mathematical facts and vocabulary. Thus, the social norms were broadly consistent except for important differences in frequency, whereas we found substantial qualitative contrasts in the sociomathematical norms in the two types of lessons. This case provides evidence that contrasting norms can exist within the same classroom. We argue from our data that these differences may be mediated by curricular choices—in this case, the use of sims.