Neural Prostheses for Neurotrauma

Neural prostheses (NPs) are electrical stimulators that deliver electrical stimulation to nerves and muscles to improve function in a variety of neurological disorders. Here we consider the basic components and design of NPs and their mechanisms of action. Some key advances in the development of NPs are discussed, along with descriptions of the successes, limitations, and failures that have been encountered. NPs that improve upper limb (UL) function, postural control, walking, respiration, and micturition are now either commercially available or in development. NPs are increasingly being used in conjunction with other interventions such as drug therapy and exercise training. In future they may be used to maximize the outcomes of biological treatments such as nerve regeneration. The control of the urinary bladder, whether to promote voiding or to counteract incontinence, is a major area of NP research and development. Growing interest in government and commercial circles in the development of NPs should result in a significant increase in the availability and affordability of NPs and an increase in the range of neurological disorders in which they can be usefully applied.