Protein Engineering Approaches in the Post-Genomic Era
2017
Proteins are one of the most multifaceted macromolecules in living
systems. Proteins have evolved to function under physiological conditions
and, therefore, are not usually tolerant of harsh experimental and
environmental conditions. The growing use of proteins in industrial
processes as a greener alternative to chemical catalysts often demands
constant innovation to improve their performance. Protein engineering aims
to design new proteins or modify the sequence of a protein to create
proteins with new or desirable functions. With the emergence of structural
and functional genomics, protein engineering has been invigorated in the
post-genomic era. The three-dimensional structures of proteins with known
functions facilitate protein engineering approaches to design variants with
desired properties. There are three major approaches of protein engineering
research, namely, directed evolution, rational design, and de novo design.
Rational design is an effective method of protein engineering when the
three-dimensional structure and mechanism of the protein is well known. In
contrast, directed evolution does not require extensive information and a
three-dimensional structure of the protein of interest. Instead, it involves
random mutagenesis and selection to screen enzymes with desired properties.
De novo design uses computational protein design algorithms to tailor
synthetic proteins by using the three-dimensional structures of natural
proteins and their folding rules. The present review highlights and
summarizes recent protein engineering approaches, and their challenges and
limitations in the post-genomic era.
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