Biologization – strategic basis of the agriculture in the central black soil region of the Russian Federation

On the basis of long-term studies, the importance of methods of biologization and intensification of agriculture in increasing soil fertility, resource conservation and increasing the productivity of crop rotations in the CBSR is justified. Five rotations of crop rotations grain fallow row crop rotation showed the highest productivity with 60% row crops in the structure, the lowest – grain grass row with 20% of the row crops, grain row with 40% row crops occupied an intermediate position. Mineral fertilizers (66%) and manure (19%) have the main share of influence on the productivity of crops, and the maximum productivity is formed with their joint application, it is higher when the dose of their application is also higher. The productivity of crop rotations decreases with a decrease in the intensity of mechanical soil treatment. Crop rotation (63%) and manure (28%) had a dominant influence on the humus content in the soil. Saturation of crop rotation with row crops reduces the content of organic matter in the soil. Grain grass row crop rotation increased the content of humus in comparison with grain fallow row crop rotation by 0.42% absolute values. Manure increases the humus content as more intense as higher its dose is. Mineral fertilizers help to increase the content of humus in the grain grass row crop rotation, reduce the rate of dehumification in the grain row and increase the dehumification in the grain fallow row. However, the joint application of NPK with manure contributes to the increase of humus content. The indicator of clean energy yield, which takes into account not only its production with the main and by-products, but also with organic residues and accumulation of organic matter in the soil, was maximal in the crop rotation with perennial grasses and minimal in the grain row crop rotation. More intensive moldboard soil treatment increases the energy consumption, but compensates it with the increase of the crop yield and vice versa. Fertilizers increase the energy efficiency of crop cultivation. The maximum efficiency coefficient was observed in the joint application of mineral fertilizers N42-62P62K62 and 16 t/ha of manure in crop rotations.