Advanced Microscopy Techniques Used for Comparison of UVA- and γ-Irradiation-Induced DNA Damage in the Cell Nucleus and Nucleolus (UVA/γ-irradiation/DNAdamageresponse/nucleolus/livingcellstudies)

Every day, genomes are affected by geno- toxic factors that create multiple DNA lesions. Several DNA repair systems have evolved to counter- act the deleterious effects of DNA damage. These sys- tems include a set of DNA repair mechanisms, dam- age tolerance processes, and activation of cell-cycle checkpoints. This study describes selected confocal microscopy techniques that investigate DNA dam- age-related nuclear events after UVA- and γ-irradia- tion and compare the DNA damage response (DDR) induced by the two experimental approaches. In both cases, we observed induction of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway and formation of lo-