Antioxidant Prevention of Birth Defects and Cancer

Metabolism, like other aspects of life, involves trade-offs. Damage to DNA and protein by oxidant by-products of normal metabolism is massive. We argue that this damage (the same as that produced by radiation) is a major contributor to aging, to degenerative diseases of aging, such as cancer, heart disease, cataracts, and brain dysfunction, and to DNA damage in sperm. Antioxidant defenses against this damage include vitamins C and E and carotenoids, the main sources of which are dietary fruits and vegetables. Low dietary intake of fruits and vegetables doubles the risk of most types of cancer as compared to high intake (about four or five portions per day); it also markedly increases the risk of heart disease and cataracts. We will argue also that this deficiency is a major cause of childhood cancer and birth defects.