Liquid-Crystalline Hydroxyapatite/Polymer Nanorod Hybrids: Potential Bioplatform for Photodynamic Therapy and Cellular Scaffolds

Recently, we found that self-organization of hydroxyapatite (HAp) with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) leads to the formation of liquid-crystalline (LC) nanorod hybrids that form aligned films and show stimuli-responsive properties. Here, we demonstrate that these biocompatible HAp/PAA hybrid nanorods represent a platform technology as drug nanocarriers for photodynamic cancer therapy and as bioscaffolds for the control of cellular alignment and growth. To use hybrid nanorods as a drug nanocarrier, we introduced methylene blue (MB), a typical photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy, into the PAA nanolayer covering the surface of the HAp nanocrystals through electrostatic interactions. The stable MB-loaded HAp/PAA hybrid nanorods efficiently produced singlet oxygen from MB upon light irradiation and showed remarkable photodynamic therapeutic effects in cancer cells. Moreover, taking advantage of the mechanically responsive LC alignment properties of the HAp/PAA hybrid nanorods, macroscopically oriented bioscaffo...