Adenylyl Cyclase 3 Mediates Prostaglandin E2-induced Growth Inhibition in Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells

Abstract Arterial smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation contributes to a number of vascular pathologies. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), produced by the endothelium and by SMCs themselves, acts as a potent SMC growth inhibitor. The growth-inhibitory effects of PGE2 are mediated through activation of G-protein-coupled membrane receptors, activation of adenylyl cyclases (ACs), formation of cAMP, and subsequent inhibition of mitogenic signal transduction pathways in SMCs. Of the 10 different mammalian AC isoforms known today, seven isoforms (AC2–7 and AC9) are expressed in SMCs from various species. We show that, despite the presence of several different AC isoforms, the principal AC isoform activated by PGE2 in human arterial SMCs is a calmodulin kinase II-inhibited AC with characteristics similar to those of AC3. AC3 is expressed in isolated human arterial SMCs and in intact aorta. We further show that arterial SMCs isolated from AC3-deficient mice are resistant to PGE2-induced growth inhibition. In summary, AC3 is the principal AC isoform activated by PGE2 in arterial SMCs, and AC3 mediates the growth-inhibitory effects of PGE2. Because AC3 activity is inhibited by intracellular calcium through calmodulin kinase II, AC3 may serve as an important integrator of growth-inhibitory signals that stimulate cAMP formation and growth factors that increase intracellular calcium.