Corrosion of glass contact refractories for the vitrification of radioactive wastes: a review

A key consideration for all radioactive waste vitrification technologies is the physical and chemical integrity of the melting vessel. Most melting vessels require refractory liners that can safely withstand the high-temperature, highly corrosive environment, contain molten waste mixtures during melting and provide robust and reproducible service lifetimes. In this review article the key glass contact refractory materials used in radioactive waste vitrification melters, their properties, their applications and the mechanisms by which they become corroded during service are reviewed.