Synthesis and binding properties of a macrobicyclic receptor for N-protected peptides with a carboxylic acid terminus

A novel macrobicyclic receptor, 3, has been synthesised by linking together a diaminopyridine with suitable amino acids, followed by a double intramolecular cyclisation of a suitably activated precursor. Macrobicycle 3 features a diamidopyridine unit, designed to serve as a specific binding site for carboxylic acid functionality, at the base of an open, bowl-shaped cavity. Incorporation of additional amide functionality around the rim of the bowl-shaped structure provides further hydrogen bonding sites to interact with peptidic guests. The binding properties of 3 with N-protected amino acid and peptide derivatives have been investigated by NMR titration experiments, which reveal that 3 is a strong and selective receptor for peptides with a carboxylic acid terminus in CDCl3 solution, the strongest binding being observed with Cbz-β-alanyl-D-alanine (−ΔGass = 22.8 kJ mol−1). The macrobicycle is reasonably enantioselective (Cbz-β-alanyl-L-alanine, −ΔGass = 19.1 kJ mol−1) and notably the binding of Cbz-β-alanyl lactic acids is considerably weaker than the binding of the corresponding Cbz-β-alanyl alanines (ΔΔGass ≈ 8–9 kJ mol−1). Molecular modelling and 2D NMR studies have been carried out on the free macrobicycle and the 1:1 complex formed with the most strongly bound substrate (Cbz-β-alanyl-D-alanine). These studies provide a consistent picture of the macrobicycle as a flexible receptor, which is able to bind the Cbz-β-alanyl-D-alanine substrate in the macrobicyclic cavity with a series of well defined hydrogen bonds to the alanylalanine amide, and less well defined hydrogen bonds to the benzylcarbamate functionality.