Regional variability in diet between Northern European and Mediterranean Neandertals: Evidence from dental microwear texture analysis

Abstract Dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) was employed to discern ecological dietary differences between Neandertals from continental Europe and from the Mediterranean region of Southern Europe and the Near East. The study followed standard DMTA procedures to observe phase II wear facets on molar occlusal surfaces of 17 individuals. Neandertals included in the study were: Arcy-sur-Cure 1, Engis 2, Kebara 2, Kůlna 1, La Quina 5, Hortus III, Hortus IV, Hortus V, Hortus VI, Hortus VIII, Hortus XI, Montmaurin, Pech de l'Aze 1, Spy 1, Svedův stůl 1, Tabūn E2, and Tabūn Series III. The three texture variables, calculated using scale-sensitive fractal analysis software (Sfrax® and Toothfrax®), included complexity (Asfc), anisotropy (epLsar), and textural fill volume (Tfv). Results indicate that anisotropy produced a significant difference between the groups with Mediterranean Neandertals showing significantly higher anisotropy values than their Northern European counterparts. The Mediterranean values are consistent with previously published DMTA anisotropy values for the Krapina Neandertals and suggest that Neandertals in this region were exploiting fibrous, homogenous foods, such as roots, tubers, grasses, and sedges that required consistent jaw movements. Elevated anisotropy signatures observed in Mediterranean Neandertals across both time and space suggest similar subsistence strategies that coincide with the relative climatic stability of the region and increased amounts of edible plant resources.