Análisis comparativo de la actividad electromiográfica en miembro inferior entre técnicas de antepié y retropié en corredores amateur.
2020
Resumen Un importante porcentaje de las lesiones de miembros inferiores ha sido vinculado al proceso de perfeccionamiento de la tecnica de carrera, en particular, el uso del primer apoyo con retropie (RP) o antepie (AP). Sin embargo, existe poca evidencia de la actividad electromiografica (EMG) para ambas condiciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la amplitud EMG en miembros inferiores al utilizar tecnicas de RP vs AP durante la carrera. Se evaluaron 13 corredores amateur (edad=22.46±2.30 anos, peso=66.02±7.53 kg, estatura=1.71±0.08 m), 5 mujeres y 8 hombres. Cada deportista corrio sobre una trotadora a velocidad autoseleccionada durante 5 minutos, utilizando RP y AP. Se registro la actividad mioelectrica del recto femoral (RF), biceps femoral (BF), tibialanterior (TA), gastrocnemio medial (GM) y lateral (GL) durante el ultimo minuto de carrera. Se considero la amplitud promedio de la EMG en 10 ciclos de carrera, normalizados a la contraccion voluntaria maxima. Los resultados destacan diferencias estadisticas en los musculos GM y GL durante la fase de apoyo (GM-RP vs AP p=0.024; GL-RP vs AP p=0.007), la fase de vuelo (GM-RP vs AP p=0.0005; GL-RP vs AP p=0.0002) y ciclo de carrera (GM-RP vs AP p=0.0002; GL-RP vs AP p<0.0001) al comparar entre tecnicas de RP vs AP. Adicionalmente, el TA describe cambios significativos durante la fase de vuelo (RP vs AP p=0.0002) y ciclo de carrera (RP vs AP p=0.0006). El RF y BF no mostraron diferencias significativas entre RP y AP. En conclusion, el uso de la tecnica AP incrementa la actividad muscular de GM y GL, posiblemente desarrollando un mayor trabajo vinculado a la absorcion del impacto durante la fase de apoyo. Por otro lado, el TA incrementa su actividad con RP, especificamente durante la fase de vuelo y ciclo de carrera, generando tal vez un mayor control del pie previo al impacto. Palabras clave: carrera; actividad muscular; antepie; retropie. Abstract An important percent of lower limbs injuries has been linked to the process of improvement of the running technique, in particular, the use of the first support with rearfoot (RF) or forefoot (FF). However, there is less evidence of electromyographic activity (EMG) in both states. The aim of this research was to compare the amplitude EMG of the lower limbs to apply RF or FF techniques during the running. Thirteen amateur runners were evaluated (age=22.46±2.30 years, weight=66.02±7.53 kg, height=71±0.08 m), among which there were 5 women and 8 men. Each athlete ran above a treadmill at self-selected speed for 5 minutes, using rearfoot or forefoot technique. The myoelectric activity of the rectus femoris (RE), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), medial (GM) and lateral (GL) gastrocnemius was registered throughout the last minute of the race. The average amplitude of the EMG in 10 running cycles, normalized to the maximum voluntary contraction was considered. The results highlight statistical differences in GM and GL muscles throughout the stance phase (GM-RF vs FF p=0.024; GL-RF vs FF p=0.007), swing phase (GM-RF vs FF p=0.0005; GL-RF vs FF p=0.0002) and career cycle (GM-RF vs FF p=0.0002; GL-RF vs FF p<0.0001), when comparing RF vs FF techniques. Additionally, the TA muscle changes significantly during the swing phase (RF vs FF p=0.0002) and career cycle (RF vs FF p=0.0006). RE and BF did not show significant differences between RF and FF. In conclusion, the use of the FF technique increases the muscular activity of GM and GL, possibly developing more work linked to the absorption of the impact during the stance phase. On the other hand, the TA increases its activity with RF, specifically in the swing phase and career cycle, generating maybe greater control prior to impact. Keywords: running; muscle activity; forefoot; rearfoot.
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