Towards Efficient, Reliable and Economic Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage Systems

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery energy storage system (BESS), which distinguishes itself from other conventional BESS with superior power and energy performances, has been widely applied in power systems to balance generation and demand. However, its high cost is generally recognized as the bottleneck for large-scale implementation. Since the difficulties of developing inexpensive and long-lived materials for the next-generation Li-ion batteries remain hovering, the enhancement of battery lifespan for cost reduction via the optimized operations of batteries is attracting more and more attention. In the grid-interfacing operations, it is found that the high current intensity, extreme states of charge, and high temperature will accelerate the degradation of batteries. To achieve the optimal operation of batteries, both the hardware-and software-based technologies have been proposed to alleviate the operational stresses imposed by the required grid services. In this tutorial, originated from the operating principles of the Li-ion BESS, the development of BESS will be reviewed. The degradation mechanism, modelling methodology of battery packs, and control methods of the BESS will be covered.