Urban electricity–temperature relationships in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area

Abstract The electricity consumption (EC)–outdoor near-surface air temperature (T) relationships in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area were revealed by EC data at 1290 substations with high temporal and spatial resolutions provided by an electric power company. Temporal–spatial variation in the sensitivity of EC to T (ΔEC/ΔT) was seen. The daytime ΔEC/ΔT values in business and commercial areas were larger than in residential areas. The ΔEC/ΔT values in business substations showed larger scatter than those in residential substations. One source of this scatter was building size, which affects the constitution of AC systems installed in the buildings. This study is the first to describe such detailed ΔEC/ΔT data (including uncertainties). The work will aid development of efficient energy management systems and the results can be used as a benchmark and input data to improve urban climate and building energy models.