Geochemical processes controlling the relationship between Co, Mn, and Fe in early diagenetic deep-sea nodules

Abstract Early diagenetic manganese nodules from the northeast Pacific nodule belt and from the southeast Pacific (Peru Basin) show primary growth features of dendritic microtextures consisting of alternating laminae of crystalline 10-Amanganate (A1 substance) and amorphous material which is composed of an intimate mixture of ferric hydroxide, silicate, and δ-MnO 2 (A2 substance). The formation of rhythmic sequences of A1 and A2 microlayers is explained by physico-chemical changes in the peneliquid sediment layer and in the microenvironment of the accreting nodule surface: (a) upward diffusion of Mn 2+ in the interstitial water as a result of decay of organic matter and Mn mobilization; (b) oxidation of Mn 2+ and formation of 10-Amanganate in the upper part of the peneliquid sediment layer, leading to pH depression in the microenvironment of the nodule surface which decreases the mobility of silicate, resulting in formation of A2 layers; (c) restoration of pH and renewed precipitation of 10-Amanganate. Based on data of 171 bulk analyses and on electron microprobe investigations, interelement relationships between Co, Mn, and Fe are pointed out. Fe and Co show a significant positive correlation ( r = 0.84 ), while Mn and Co are poorly negatively correlated ( r = −0.21 ), assuming linear regression. The enrichment of Co within the amorphous A2 phase is attributed to specific surface adsorption and subsequent oxidation of Co 2+ to Co 3+ in the strong electric field of Si 4+ . Robust complexes of Co(III) and ≡ FeH 2 SiO 4 − prevent most of the Co from being available for the 10-Amanganate precipitation. Concerning the relation between Mn and Fe and Co respectively, the highest correlation coefficients are obtained using an inverse logarithmic regression. Under early diagenetic conditions, the concentration and precipitation of Mn 2+ in the interstitial water depends on the redox gradient which is controlled by the amount of decomposing organic matter. The Nernst equation describes the relationship as a reciprocal logarithmic function. However, the quantities of colloidal ferric hydroxide and of dissolved silicate are not affected by variations of the redox potential. These different characteristics in the precipitation of Mn and the Fe- and Si-rich colloidal phase may cause the significantly negative logarithmic correlation of Mn versus Fe and Co, respectively.