Identification of signature genes by microarray for acute myeloid leukemia without maturation and acute promyelocytic leukemia with t(15;17)(q22;q12)(PML/RARα)

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has distinct sub- groups characterized by different maturation and specific chromosomal translocation. In order to gain insight into the gene expression activities in AML, we carried out a gene expression profiling study with 21 AML samples using cDNA microarrays, focusing on acute promyelocytic leukemia with specific translocation t(15;17)(q22;q12) (French-American- British or FAB-M3 with t(15;17)) and AML without maturation (FAB-M1) characterized by morphologically and pheno- typically immature AML blasts and no recurrent chromosomal abnormalities. Using a multivariate σ-classifier algorithm, we identified 33 strong feature genes that distinguish FAB-M3 with t(15;17) from other AML samples, and 24 strong feature genes that classify FAB-M1. A direct comparison between FAB-M3 with t(15;17) and FAB-M1 led to selection of 13 strong feature genes. Those genes include some known to be related to leukemogenesis and cell differentiation. RIN1, a gene in the ras pathway, was up-regulated in FAB-M3 with t(15;17). Growth factor-binding protein 2 gene was down- regulated in FAB-M1. Huntingtin gene was up-regulated in FAB-M1. Others include syndecan 4, interleukin-2 receptor s, folate receptor s, low affinity immunoglobulin A, Fc receptor IIC precursor, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2, and myeloperoxidase, which are involved in cell differentiation. Overexpression of myeloperoxidase in FAB-M3 cells with t(15;17) compared to FAB-M1 cells is consistent with the conventional cytochemical staining pattern. Thus, the study revealed that a morphologically-defined FAB-M1 subtype has a distinct gene expression signature that contributes to its cell differentiation and proliferation as well as FAB-M3 with a recurrent cytogenetic abnormality t(15;17)(q22;q12).