The anti-tumour effects of all-trans retinoic acid and its synergism with gemcitabine are associated with down-regulation of p21-activated kinases in pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. All-trans retinoic acide (ATRA) has been used as an anti-stromal agent in PDA, and its anti-tumour effect ha...