試論清末恆春地區的漢番衝突（1875－1894）

After Hengchun County was established in the first year of Guangxu (1875), vendetta conflicts happened frequently between the Hans and the aborigines, as the Han Chinese owed the farmland rents. The local Hakka groups and the Paiwan aborigines were in a good relationship, and even fought alongside the Min Nan groups which sparked the conflicts with the Min Nan groups. During the period of the road building and the aboriginal pacification, soldiers not only needed to be the pioneers but also needed to protect the farmers. Therefore whenever there were conflicts with the aborigines, soldiers would be the most suffering victims. To prevent the conflicts, government registered the census of the aborigines, reinforced the border patrol and the defense ability, demanded the tribe leaders maintaining order and turning in the people who committed murders, established schools to educate the young aborigines, and promoted collaborative defense among the Han villages. These various measures were taken in hopes of preventing further disturbances from the aborigines, while converting the aborigines to be more Han-influenced, following the customs and regulations. However, the truth still showed that the effectiveness was somewhat limited. When the Sino-Japanese War broke out, the conflicts from aborigines in Hengchun County was still common. By the word-of-mouth local legends ＂Shi Fu Bai Zhuang Tou＂ and ＂War of gods＂, together with the proverb ＂People from Checheng City meeting the Peony aborigines＂, it can be seen that the conflicts between the Hans and the aborigines in Hengchun County in late Qing was critical, and leaded to a more complex relationship in ethnic groups.