The nucleus acts as a ruler tailoring cell responses to spatial constraints

The microscopic environment inside a metazoan organism is highly crowded. Whether individual cells can tailor their behavior to the limited space remains unclear. Here, we found that cells measure the degree of spatial confinement using their largest and stiffest organelle, the nucleus. Cell confinement below a resting nucleus size deforms the nucleus, which expands and stretches its envelope. This activates signaling to the actomyosin cortex via nuclear envelope stretch-sensitive proteins, upregulating cell contractility. We established that the tailored contractile response constitutes a nuclear ruler-based signaling pathway involved in migratory cell behaviors. Cells rely on the nuclear ruler to modulate the motive force enabling their passage through restrictive pores in complex three-dimensional (3D) environments, a process relevant to cancer cell invasion, immune responses and embryonic development.