Andrological testosterone replacement therapy

: Male hypogonadism is characterised by decreased testicular function, especially testosterone deficiency. Its prevalence increases with age but may be acquired in all stages of life if it is not inborn. The lack of testosterone results in typical clinical symptoms. However, only about 10% of the affected men currently receive adequate treatment. A variety of testosterone preparations are available to meet the main needs of treatment, including intramuscular, transcutaneous, sublingual, and oral forms. In patients with prostate cancer, breast cancer, polycythemia, severe heart failure, obstruction of the lower urinary tract, or untreated sleep apnoea, testosterone treatment must be avoided. Therefore, clinical and laboratory screening are essential along with a long-term substitution.