Southern Ocean [in “State of the Climate in 2020”]
2021
The Southern Ocean (SO) plays a unique role in the climate system and is responsible for 40%
of oceanic anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake and 75% of the ocean's uptake of heat
from the atmosphere (Frolicher et al. 2015). The relatively recent increases in deployments of
biogeochemical floats (Claustre et al. 2020), Saildrone Uncrewed Surface Vehicles (USVs; Sutton
et al. 2021), and Deep Argo (Roemmich et al. 2019) have provided novel insights into seasonal
and interannual variability in SO properties and fluxes. Here, we present 2020 anomalies of SO
air–sea heat and CO2 fluxes and show recent changes in mixed layer (ML) and Antarctic Bottom
Water (AABW) properties.
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