Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism: Lessons from Selected Countries
2020
Deradicalization has increasingly been subjected to scientific studies, but a universally accepted definition of the concept is yet to be developed and defined officially. De-radicalization can be understood as the process of changing the attitudes and behaviors of former terrorists to reject violence as an ideological, religious, or political goal that may cause harm to national security, affect political and economic instability or pose threats to human life. Many countries have taken significant steps to overcome terrorism through deradicalization programs such as in Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Malaysia. Most of the program is based on re-education and rehabilitation. Re-education focuses on correcting political and religious misconceptions of the militants, while the strategy of rehabilitation is adopted to provide thorough monitoring of the militants after their release. The module of De-radicalization was intended to help the government rehabilitate detained militants and help to rebuild their personality. This paper emphasized theoretical methods used in deradicalization programs in the three most progressive countries in deradicalization programs by using holistic personality, self-reflection, social skills, criminal behavior, spirituality, consideration, security, and psychology as their main tools. Deradikalisasi telah menjadi subjek kajian yang semakin meningkat dewasa ini, ianya diterima sebagai konsep global yang dibangun dan didefinisikan secara rasmi. Deradikalisasi boleh difahami sebagai proses mengubah atitud dan perangai bekas tahanan terrorisme untuk menolak perbuatan ganas sebagai ideologi agama atau politik yang boleh membawa kerosakan kepada sekuriti nasional, memberikan kesan kepada kestabilan politik dan ekonomi dan juga ancaman kepada kehidupan manusia. Banyak negara telah mengambil pendekatan yang signifikan dalam mendepani ancaman terrorisme melalui program deradikalisasi seperti di Yemen, Saudi Arabia dan Malaysia. Kebanyakkan program deradikalisasi berasaskan pendidikan dan pemulihan. Pendidikan bersifat memperbaiki salah faham konsep berpolitik dan beragama dalam aktiviti militan, manakala strategi pemulihan lebih kepada pemantauan secara berterusan selepas pembebasan. Modul deradikalisasi bertujuan membantu kerajaan dalam kegiatan pemulihan militan dan juga membantu pembinaan personaliti mereka. Tulisan ini juga menjelaskan teoritikal metod yang digunakan dalam program deradikalisasi di tiga buah negara Islam yang progresif dalam program rehabilitasi dengan menggunakan pendekatan personaliti holistik, pembinaan kendiri, skil-sosial, penjenayahan, kerohanian, toleransi, keselamatan dan psikologi.
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