Analysis of Black Start Strategies for Microgrids with Renewable Distributed Generation

Microgrids with a high penetration of distributed generation (DG) in combination with energy storage systems (ESS), but also in combination with fuel-driven generation units (gensets) can be operated in on-grid mode, but also in off-grid mode (island operation). For grid restoration in island mode, a black start strategy is needed. This scientific work deals with a black start concept for island grids with a high amount of non-controllable DG units and non-controllable loads which is investigated by mathematical modeling and simulation for different scenarios. The assumed underlying control behavior of the DG units is described in the German application guide VDE-AR-N 4105. The corresponding mathematical modeling is presented and a verification by specific measurements is presented.